NOTICE FOR ADMISSIONS TO THE FIVE YEAR INTEGRATED B.A., LL.B. (Hons.), PROGRAMME, 2020-21

 

 
The National Law School of India University was established in 1986 to pioneer legal education reform and anchor the transformation of the Indian legal system through research and policy interventions. We are dedicated to the realization of core constitutional values through a vital democracy committed to freedom and social justice. The University rests on a unique collaboration between legal academics, the Bar, the Bench and the State Government of Karnataka. This strong coalition has ensured that the University has remained the undoubted leader in legal education in India for the last three decades.
 

 
The University pioneered the 5 year integrated B.A., LL.B (Hons) programme in India. This programme remains the flagship degree at NLSIU. This programme has several unique features:
 
First, the programme is taught in three trimesters each academic year. In each trimester, a student completes 4 courses and completes an intense programme of 60 courses before they graduate. Secondly, the programme is strongly inter-disciplinary and students will develop an understanding of law as well as the humanities and social sciences; Thirdly, the pedagogy is socratic where students engage actively with learning materials in the classroom and are challenged on a continuous basis; Fourthly, after students complete foundation courses in the first two years of the programme, they are permitted to choose courses from the third year of the programme. These courses are often taught by professionals and academics from around the world; Fifthly, all students write a mandatory paper in almost every course in the programme and present these materials to ensure that they develop research, writing and oral presentation skills; Finally, all students will complete mandatory internships through the five year programme and develop the field awareness and professional skills necessary for their future careers.
 
Apart from the rigorous academic programme students at the University engage in several cocurricular and extra-curricular activities. Mooting remains a core activity. In 1999 the University became the first Indian team to win the Philip C. Jessup International Law Moot Court Competition. We won again in 2013 and were Runners Up in 2018. In 2017, the University team won the Manfred Lachs Space Law International Moot competition for the 3rd time, having won before in 2009 and 2012. Our students organize some key annual events including the NLS Open Debate, Strawberry Fields Music Festival, Admit One Theatre Competition and the Spiritus Sports Fest. More information is available on our University website, www.nls.ac.in.
 

 
Since inception, admission to the B.A., LL.B. (Hons.) Degree Programme has been purely on the basis of merit as assessed through a common entrance exam. The University conducted its own All-India entrance examination until 2008, when the Common Law Admission Test was conceived. In 2018, the Consortium of National Law Universities comprising the ViceChancellors of 22 National Law Universities was formed to establish a Permanent CLAT Secretariat for the conduction of the CLAT.
 
The Covid-19 pandemic has however caused unforeseen difficulties and delays in the conduct of CLAT 2020. The repeated postponement of the examination has resulted in uncertainty for students, parents and the participating Universities. NLSIU is uniquely disadvantaged as it follows a trimester system where every academic year is made up of three terms of 90 days duration. Moreover, each term must accommodate 60 hours of classroom instruction in each course and adequately provide for examination and evaluation processes. Further, the academic offering for the 3rd, 4th and 5th year of the B.A., LL.B programme as well as the LL.M programme is fully integrated and requires a common academic calendar.
 
Hence, if NLSIU is unable to complete admissions before the end of September 2020 it will inevitably result in a ‘Zero Year’ with no admission. This will deprive law students of the opportunity to pursue their studies this year at India’s premier law university. We are fully committed to ensuring that no student is denied the opportunity to study at NLSIU this Academic Year. Hence, NLSIU is compelled by the current circumstances to conduct a separate admissions process for the B.A., LL.B and LL.M programmes for the Academic Year 2020-21.
 
This matter was considered at length at a Faculty Meeting at the University on August 6th, 2020 where the Faculty unanimously resolved that NLSIU needed to take all measures necessary to avoid a ‘Zero Year.’ The Executive Council of the University, at its 91st Meeting held in two sessions on 12th August 2020 and 18th August 2020 met to consider the matter and unanimously resolved to authorize the University to develop an alternative admissions process in the event that CLAT 2020 was not conducted on September 7th 2020.
 
On August 28th the Executive Committee of the Consortium of National Law Universities postponed CLAT 2020 from September 7th to September 28th 2020. A Faculty Sub-Committee was constituted to develop a revised admission procedure. The Sub-Committee considered all available options and concluded that a common entrance test conducted online at the earliest and with the lowest possible application fee would be a fair, transparent and accessible admissions process. This procedure was discussed at a Faculty Meeting held on 31st August, 2020. After taking into account the suggestions and revisions necessary, a Revised Admission Notification for Academic Year 2020-21 is hereby notified.
 

 
The Admissions Notification outlined below exclusively governs all admissions to the B.A.,LL.B (Hons) Programme of NLSIU for the year 2020-21. Any student who seeks admission to NLSIU must apply directly to the University and complete the NLAT UG 2020 Entrance examination. The University will not accept CLAT 2020 scores for admission to Academic Year 2020-21.
 
4.1. Intake
 
The total intake of students shall be 120 (One Hundred and Twenty). The Reservation Notification 2021 has been published separately on the website.
 
4.2. Eligibility of Candidates
 
4.2.1. All candidates must have secured an unconditional pass and the minimum percentage of marks in the qualifying examination (10+2 or its equivalent examination) as specified below:
 
i. Aggregate percentage of 45% or its equivalent grade in case of General Category and PWD students.
 
ii. Aggregate percentage of 40% or its equivalent grade in case of SC/ST.
 
4.2.2. There is no upper age limit to apply. 4.3.
 
Application and Required Documents
 
4.3.1. The Online Application portal will open on 3 rd September, 2020 and will close at Midnight on 10th September, 2020.
 
4.3.2. All applications must be submitted online at https://admissions.nls.ac.in/.
 
4.3.3. Applicants must register themselves using their personal mobile number. On registration, an OTP will be sent to the given mobile number for validation. Once your mobile number is validated, you may login using your mobile number and password provided at the time of registration.
 
4.3.4. Please fill the form carefully. All names should be spelt correctly in the application as it appears in the Certificates/Mark sheets/Identity proof. Any change/alteration found may disqualify your candidature.
 
4.3.5. Candidates will be required to upload the following documents along with the application:
 
1. Candidate’s recent passport size photograph,
 
2. Scanned copy of an original Government issued photo-ID. Eg. Driver’s license, Aadhar Card, Voter ID, Ration Card, Passport, etc.
 
3. Scanned copy of original marks statement and pass certificate of standard 10, or matriculation, or equivalent examination,
 
4. Scanned copy of original marks statement and pass certificate of 10+2 or equivalent examination,
 
5. Scanned copy of original caste certificate/ tribe certificate/disability certificate wherever applicable,
 
6. Scanned copy of documentary proof, including Letter from the Head of Institution and School certificates/Report cards to prove schooling in Karnataka for ten years, wherever applicable.
 
All scanned documents must be clear and complete. In case scanned and uploaded documents are unclear, incomplete, or illegible, the application may be rejected. All documents will be subjected to physical verification at the time of admission. Any discrepancy in documents submitted will lead to automatic disqualification of the candidate.
 
NOTE: If candidates are unable to produce one or more of the documents listed at Serial Nos. 4, 5 and 6, they must ensure that the same are provided to NLSIU authorities at the time of admission, failing which the candidate’s provisional offer of admission will be cancelled.
 
4.3.6. Once you have finished filling in the Application and uploading all necessary documents you must save and submit the application.
 
4.3.7. After all details are filled in and documents are uploaded, candidates must sign the declaration and submit the application. The candidates are required to read the instructions carefully and furnish correct and authentic information. In case the information furnished at any stage of the application, examination and admission process is found to be false or incorrect or if there is any discrepancy or mismatch between the information furnished by the candidate at the relevant section and the certificates/documents produced at the time of admission, the provisional admission offered to the candidate shall stand cancelled with immediate effect without assigning any further reason and the candidate shall stand disqualified from being considered for further admission to NLSIU.
 
4.3.8. No alteration/editing in the online application form can be done after successful submission/final submission of the form.
 
4.3.9. After submission you will be required to pay an Application Fee of Rs. 150 (General and PWD Category) and Rs. 125 (for SC / ST Candidates).
 
4.3.10. The last date for submission of applications and making payments is 10th September, 2020. Candidates are advised not to wait till the deadline for submission of applications but to submit them well in time. There will be no offline application or submission of documents.
 
4.4. National Law Aptitude Test
 
4.4.1. Candidates will be selected on the basis of the aggregate marks secured in an online home-based Entrance Examination known as the National Law Aptitude Test, 2020 (NLAT). The National Law Aptitude Test, 2020 (the “NLAT 2020”) will test applicants for admission to the undergraduate B.A., LL.B. (Hons) and postgraduate LL.M programmes commencing in 2020 at 5 the National Law school of India University, Bengaluru (“NLSIU”) on subjects that correspond to the subjects proposed to be tested in the Common Law Admission Test, 2020.
 
4.4.2. Candidates who have submitted a valid application form will be required to appear for the NLAT. The Test shall be an online entrance examination to be held on 12th September, 2020. Candidates will attempt this examination using a computer device at their respective locations. Candidates will have to ensure that they can appear for the examination on the appropriate date and time using a computer device as per the detailed specifications that will be provided, including video and audio inputs. NLSIU shall not be responsible for any connectivity issues, or failure of internet connection during the examination. NLSIU reserves the right to cancel any candidate’s examination based on misconduct or examination malpractice.
 
4.4.3. Detailed instructions on the online examination process shall be provided to the candidates in due course.
 
4.4.4. Syllabus and Guide
 
The NLAT 2020 UG will test candidates on 5 (five) subjects (and the published format of the CLAT 2020 UG) comprising, English Language, Current Affairs Including General Knowledge, Legal Reasoning, Logical Reasoning, and Quantitative Techniques.
 
1. The NLAT 2020 UG will comprise 4 (four) General Comprehension (“GC”) passages.
 
2. Each GC passage will be accompanied by 10 (ten) questions that candidates will have to answer based on the information provided in the corresponding GC passage and in the questions. NLAT 2020 UG will have a total of 40 (forty) questions.
 
3. Each GC passage will be of a similar length (i.e., ~500 words) and order of difficulty as in the Mock CLAT 2020 UG papers.
 
4. The 10 (ten) questions that accompany each GC passage will have 2 (two) questions each from the 5 (five) subjects.
 
4.4.5. Question Paper Format
 
1. The NLAT 2020 UG shall be conducted in English.
 
2. The Maximum Marks for the NLAT is 80 marks.
 
3. All questions shall be Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
 
4. The total duration of the examination is 45 minutes.
 
5. Marking Scheme:
 
2 marks per correct answer
 
-0.25 marks per unanswered question
 
-0.50 marks per wrong answer 6
 
6. This is not an open book examination; candidates may not seek assistance from any other person to answer the questions in the examination.
 
7. Candidates will only have 1 (one) attempt at each question. They will not be able to revisit a question once they have moved on to another question.
 
8. Candidates may not take the assistance of any resources, whether electronic, print, or in any other form.
 
4.5. Merit List
 
1. Following the examination and validation of the Final Answer Key, a General merit list of all candidates will be prepared solely on basis of their marks in the NLAT 2020 UG.
 
2. Tie-break Rule: In case of equal marks, a break of tie shall be made by the following procedure and order:
 
(i) Higher number of correct answers to Legal Reasoning Questions
 
(ii) Higher number of correct answers in the overall examination
 
(iii) Computerised draw of lots
 
3. All candidates will be informed of their Merit rank, aggregate marks and the aggregate mark of the last admitted candidate in their category over email/SMS.
 
4. No consolidated Merit List or Admission list shall be published by the University.
 

 
5.1. The University shall prepare a Provisional Admissions list on the basis of the Merit List of NLAT. SC, ST, PWD and Karnataka students will be accommodated as per the Reservation Notification 2021 available on our website.
 
5.2. Selected candidates will be offered Provisional Admission to the University and intimated of the same via email/SMS.
 
5.3. In order to confirm their seat, selected candidates must accept the Provisional Offer by producing the necessary documents and paying the requisite Fees. Detailed instructions on Acceptance of Offers will be provided by email/SMS and will have to be complied with by the candidate strictly according to the timelines provided. In the event of any default by the candidate, the same seat may be diverted to another candidate according to merit.
 
5.4. Total Annual fee (including refundable deposits) for incoming students
 
a) General Category and PWD -    Rs. 2,62,000.00 p.a.
 
b) SC / ST Category -                      Rs. 2,58,875.00 p.a.
 
The fees/charges may be revised by the University, but the revised fees/charges will be applied prospectively.
 
5.5. NLSIU is committed to ensure that no one who secures admission to NLSIU shall discontinue studies on account of financial constraints. NLSIU will facilitate scholarships, educational loans and bursaries to students to enable them to secure their admissions.
 
5.6. If a candidate withdraws their admission on any ground, in any of the courses of the University, fees shall be refundable as per the applicable UGC Rules.
 

 
6.1. NLSIU reserves the right to unilaterally alter, modify, or cancel any component or stage of the selection process without prior notice.
 
6.2. NLSIU shall not be liable for any failure of communication, delivery of emails, internet, computer device, etc., during any stage of the selection process.
 
6.3. The decision of NLSIU on any student’s eligibility, candidature, shortlisting, and selection shall be final and not subject to any appeals or challenges by or on behalf of any student(s).
 
6.4. By submitting an application for admission, a student undertakes to abide by all conditions of the application process, and further undertakes to furnish accurate, correct, and complete information and documents.
 
6.5. Any subsequent discovery of malpractice, dishonesty etc. will render the student ineligible to get admission at NLSIU. No incomplete application will be considered. Any admission granted to such a student is subject to be cancelled at any point of time at the discretion of the University.
 
6.6. NLSIU reserves the right to not grant admission to a selected candidate if any reason justifying such a decision comes to its notice at any stage of the admission process.
 

SAMPLE GENERAL COMPREHENSION PASSAGE AND QUESTIONS

NLAT UG 2020

 
Directions: Each set of questions in this examination is based on a single passage. Please answer each question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the corresponding passage, and in the question itself. In some instances, more than one option may be the answer to the question; in such a case, please choose the option that most accurately and comprehensively answers the question.
 
The central concern for Indian decision makers was the continuing influx of Hindu refugees from East Pakistan. Up to the end of July 1971, 7.23 million had taken shelter in India. By 15 December, an additional 2.67 million had poured in. From New Delhi’s standpoint, the continuing flow of refugees gave the lie to the claims about impending normality in Pakistan. Then there was the growing economic burden of maintaining the refugees. The budget presented in May 1971 had provided 600 million rupees for the relief of refugees, but this sum was submerged by the scale of the deluge. In August, the government was forced to present a supplementary demand of 2,000 million rupees. By the third week of September, it was assessed that maintaining 8 million refugees in camps for six months at the rate of just 3 rupees per person per day would amount to 4,320 million rupees—about US $576 million. The galloping costs of sheltering the refugees made a mockery of the government’s original estimate for the fiscal deficit.
 
[1] A prolonged crisis would push the problem to unmanageable proportions.[1] Although a war would entail significant costs, they would be more bearable than the burden posed by the refugees. In July 1971, an assessment prepared by P.N. Dhar, economist and secretary to the prime minister, underlined the potential consequences of embarking on war. The most significant of these would be the position of foreign exchange reserves, which had already worsened in the previous fiscal year. The level of the reserves depended, in the first place, on foreign trade. There was the possibility that India’s trade partners would create difficulties in accepting its exports, so depriving it of foreign exchange earnings. This would “amount to a complete economic blockade.” The second component of the reserves came from foreign aid. Dhar envisaged two scenarios in which the donor countries might seek to coerce India. They might, as with Pakistan, continue committed aid but suspend fresh commitments. Or they might cut all aid, both committed and prospective. In the first situation, India was “not vulnerable on account of foreign exchange” until March 1972. In the second, the amount of aid withheld would almost equal the amount owed by India to its donors in the current fiscal year by way of debt repayment and repatriation of profits. In this situation, India could reasonably threaten to impose a moratorium on debt. “Thus while as an aid-recipient country we are vulnerable to the adverse reactions of the aid-givers,” wrote Dhar, “the size of our debts makes our creditors vulnerable to our reactions. Keynes once said that if I owe you 100 pounds, I should worry but if I owe you a million pounds, you should worry. We owe many millions to our creditors!”
 
[Extracted, with edits and revisions, from 1971: A Global History of the Creation of Bangladesh, by Srinath Raghavan, Harvard University Press, 2013.]
 


Assuming that an equal number of refugees came to India each day in the period August 1, 1971 to 15 December 1971, what would be the per day cost (at the rate of 3 rupees per person per day) of maintaining all the refugees that the government would have to incur as of the end of day on November 13, 1971 in USD terms? (Assume the exchange rate for Indian Rupees and US dollars was constant in the period mentioned).
 
A. US $ .91million
 
B. US $ 1.2 million
 
C. US $ .82 million
 
D. US $ .76 million
 
Ans. C
 
Rationale:
 
The correct answer is (c) – US $ .82 million.
 
Total number of refugees from August 1 to December 15 = 2.67
 
Number of days between August 1 and December 15
 
= 31 + 30 + 31 + 30 + 15
 
= 137
 
Therefore, refugees per day
 
= 2.67 / 137
 
= .0195
 
Number of days between August 1 and November 13
 
= 31 + 30 + 31 + 13
 
= 105 Cost to the government per day
 
= Rs. 3 per refugee
 
Therefore, total cost of 105 days
 
= Rs. 105 × 3 × .0195 Converting to US $
 
= 576/4320 × (105 × 3 × .0195)
 
= .819 USD



The United Nations Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees (the “UN Refugee Convention”) provides that “the term “refugee” shall apply to any person who owing to wellfounded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country”. Mujib, a Muslim citizen formerly residing in East Pakistan, joins a group of refugees who crossed over to India from East Pakistan in September 1971. Mujib was a member of the Awami League, a party that had campaigned vigorously for the separation of Bangladesh from Pakistan, and had therefore decided to flee to India. Keeping in mind the political circumstances that prevailed at the time described in the passage above, could Mujib claim the status of a refugee in India under the UN Refugee Convention?
 
A. Yes, since he was unable to claim the protection of Pakistan because of his political opinions.
 
B. No, since he was not a Hindu.
 
C. Yes, since East Pakistan faced an impending economic crisis.
 
D. No, since Mujib should have changed his political opinions and continued to reside in East Pakistan.
 
Ans. A
 
Rationale:
 
The correct answer is (a) – yes, since he was unable to claim the protection of Pakistan because of his political opinions. Since Mujib was a member of the Awami League, which had campaigned vigorously
 
for the separation of Bangladesh from Pakistan, it is legitimate to say that he would have a “wellfounded fear of being persecuted for reasons of… membership of a particular social group or political opinion”. While option (b) may be right, it does not take into account Mujib’s political opinions and his being a member of the Awami League; therefore, it cannot be the correct answer. There is nothing in the passage to support option (c), and so, it cannot be the correct answer. There is nothing in the passage, or in the extract from the UN Refugee Convention provided in the question to support option (d), and so, it cannot be the correct answer either.

 

The UN Refugee Convention also states: “This Convention shall cease to apply to any person falling under the meaning of the term 'refugee' if: (1) He has voluntarily re-availed himself of the protection of the country of his nationality; or (2) Having lost his nationality, he has voluntarily re-acquired it.” After the war between India and Pakistan in December 1971, Bangladesh emerged as an independent country, separate from Pakistan. In January 1972, many refugees decided to return to Bangladesh from India, but Mujib continued to reside in India. Based on the information provided, could Mujib continue to claim to be a ‘refugee’ in India?
 
A. No, since he could easily have acquired the nationality of Bangladesh if he so chose.
 
B. No, since he could have gone back to Bangladesh after the war.
 
C. No, since he had supported the separation of Bangladesh from Pakistan.
 
D. Yes, since he had not voluntarily re-acquired his former nationality nor had he re-availed the protection of the country of his nationality.
 
Ans. D
 
Rationale:
 
The correct answer is (d) - yes, since he had not voluntarily re-acquired his former nationality nor had he re-availed the protection of the country of his nationality. This is the only option that responds to the two limbs of the extract from the UN Refugee Convention provided in the question. Since none of the other options relate to the principal provided in the form of that extract, none of them can be the correct answer.


 
Assume that in 1971, the US provided India foreign aid of USD 500 million, the UK provided India foreign aid of USD 300 million, and Japan provided India foreign aid of USD 10 million. If the Indian government had spent USD 400 million out of all foreign aid received in 1971 on defence expenditure, and if it did not utilise any foreign reserves from foreign aid to maintain refugees until December 15, for how many days would the government be able to maintain the total number of refugees in India as on December 16 utilising only reserves from foreign aid received from the US, UK, and Japan in 1971? (Assume that no more refugees came to India after December 15, 1971).
 
A. More than 3 months but less than 3.5 months.
 
B. More than 4 months.
 
C. Less than 4 months but more than 3.5 months.
 
D. Less than 3 months.
 
Ans. A
 
Rationale:
 
The correct answer is (a) – More than 3 months but less than 3.5 months.
 
Number of refugees up to the end of July = 7.23 million
 
Number of refugees from August 1 to December 15 = 2.67
 
Total number of refugees = 7.23 + 2.67 = 9.9 million
 
Total aid received = 500 + 300 + 10 = US $810
 
Defence expenditure = US $400
 
Remaining amount = 810 – 400 = US $410
 
US $576 million required to maintain 8 million refugees in camps for six months’
 
Therefore, US $410 for 9.9 million refugees will last for
 
= (410 × 8 × 6) / (576 × 9.9)
 
= 3.45 months. 
 

 
Based on his statement, as quoted by P.N. Dhar in the passage above, which of the following would Keynes be most likely to agree with?
 
A. Being a debtor is better than being a lender.
 
B. Lenders put themselves in a vulnerable position if they lend too much money to a debtor.
 
C. Donor countries should always lend money to nations that are in need.
 
D. Donor countries should never lend money to poor countries.
 
Ans. B
 
Rationale:
 
The correct answer is (b) – lenders put themselves in a vulnerable position if they lend too much money to a debtor. The quote in question states: “…if I owe you 100 pounds, I should worry but if I owe you a million pounds, you should worry.” This implies that when a lender lends a large amount to a debtor, then the lender would be fearful of the consequences of the debtor’s default. Option (b) captures this idea accurately. While it may be true that Keynes thought a lender who gave too much money to a debtor would be in a vulnerable position, there is nothing in the quote to suggest that Keynes thought being a debtor was better than being a lender in all circumstances; therefore, option (a) cannot be the correct answer. Similarly, there is nothing in the quote to support either option (c) or option (d), and so, neither can be the correct answer.
 


Which of the following is a strip of land leased by India to Bangladesh, so as to permit access to Bangladesh’s Dahagram-Angarpota enclaves, situated within Indian territory?
 
A. Dasiar Chhara
 
B. Tetulia Corridor
 
C. Tin Bigha Corridor
 
D. Dahagram
 
Ans. C



Which of the following led New Delhi to believe that Pakistan’s claims of impending normality in that country were not true?
 
A. The economic analysis conducted by P.N. Dhar.
 
B. The unabated arrival of refugees from Pakistan to India.
 
C. The diminishing foreign reserves of Pakistan.
 
D. The statement made by Keynes, which P.N. Dhar quoted.
 
Ans. B
 
Rationale:
 
The correct answer is (b) – the unabated arrival of refugees from Pakistan to India. The author states that “From New Delhi’s standpoint, the continuing flow of refugees gave the lie to the claims about impending normality in Pakistan”; only option (b) captures the meaning of this statement. None of the other options are relevant to the question, and so, none of them can be the correct answer.
 
 

Which of the following, if true, would render Dhar’s assessment of the potential consequences of embarking on a war, most inaccurate?
 
A. Donor countries would not stop foreign aid to India in the event of a war, since they supported India’s cause.
 
B. Donor countries would stop all foreign aid – both committed and prospective – if India embarked on a war with Pakistan.
 
C. Donor countries would not stop foreign aid to India in the event of a war, since they supported India’s cause, and India’s trade partners would not stop accepting its exports for the same reason.
 
D. Donor countries would stop foreign aid to India in the event of a war, and India’s trade partners would stop accepting its exports.
 
Ans. C
 
Rationale:
 
The correct answer is (c) - donor countries would not stop foreign aid to India in the event of a war, since they supported India’s cause, and India’s trade partners would not stop accepting its exports for the same reason. While option (a) is partly right, it does not address the issue relating to India’s trade partners; only option (c) addresses both, the issue relating to trade partners as well as foreign donors, and so, only option (c) can be the correct answer. Both, option (b) and option (d) would strengthen Dhar’s assessment, and so, neither can be the correct answer.
 


The sentence enclosed within ‘[1]’ in the passage may have a grammatical error. Which of the following would be required to remove the error, if any?
 
A. Replace ‘push’ with ‘pushing’
 
B. Replace ‘the’ with ‘a’
 
C. Replace ‘proportions’ with ‘proportionality’
 
D. No change required
 
Ans. D
 
 

The Grameen Bank is a microfinance and community development organisation that originated in Bangladesh, and is famous around the world. What collateral does the Grameen Bank take against loans?
 
A. None
 
B. A farm animal, such as a goat or a cow.
 
C. A small item of machinery, such as a sewing machine.
 
D. Household items, such as utensils.
 
Ans. A